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Introduction The line between medicine and misuse has never been thinner. What was once a discreet prescription for erectile dysfunction (ED) has become a casual component of nightlife culture. In many countries, young men—most without any pathological erectile disorder—now consume…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the quiet saboteur of middle age. For millions of men worldwide, it is not merely an anatomical enlargement of the prostate but a chronic, quality-of-life–eroding condition that transforms something as mundane as urination into…
Introduction Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains one of the most formidable complications of connective tissue diseases (CTDs). It transforms chronic autoimmune conditions into cardiovascular emergencies, marked by progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling, right heart strain, and eventual failure. Within this grim…
Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has long been seen as a respiratory disorder — a progressive narrowing of the airways leading to the slow suffocation of millions worldwide. Yet beneath the wheezing and hyperinflated lungs lies another, subtler pathology:…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are among the most common, and perhaps most silently suffered, disorders in adult men. Affecting millions worldwide, these conditions are not only physically distressing but also carry profound psychological and…
Introduction Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors such as tadalafil, sildenafil, and vardenafil have long been regarded as quintessentially male medications—prescribed to restore erectile function by enhancing nitric oxide–mediated vasodilation in the corpus cavernosum. However, the vascular and smooth muscle effects…
Introduction Calciphylaxis — also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy — represents one of the most enigmatic and devastating vascular complications encountered in nephrology and urology. This rare condition, marked by progressive calcification and thrombosis of dermal and subdermal arterioles, leads…
Introduction Infertility remains one of the most complex, emotionally charged, and multifactorial conditions in reproductive medicine. Despite remarkable advances in diagnostics and therapeutics, a frustratingly large subset of cases—around 14% of infertile couples—fall into the category of “unexplained infertility.” In…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) continues to be one of the most prevalent yet under-discussed medical conditions affecting men worldwide. Beyond the physical impairment of penile rigidity, ED casts long shadows across mental health, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction. It is estimated…
Introduction Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a formidable challenge in cardiovascular medicine—a disease both stealthy and relentless, characterized by progressive vascular remodeling, right heart strain, and, if untreated, premature death. Over the past two decades, the evolution of targeted pharmacotherapy…
Introduction For decades, the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was simplistically viewed as a mechanical problem—a matter of urethral compression and static obstruction. Yet clinical observations consistently contradicted this narrow view. Not…
Introduction Chemotherapy saves lives—but often at a cost. Among its most dreaded complications lies a quiet, cumulative threat: doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC). Once heralded as an inevitable byproduct of anthracycline therapy, this progressive left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains a key limitation…
Introduction Connective tissue disease–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH) remains one of the most treatment-resistant subtypes of PAH. Despite modern advances, survival outcomes in this group—especially in systemic sclerosis–associated PAH (SSc-PAH)—have historically lagged behind idiopathic PAH. The AMBITION trial, originally designed…
Introduction Endoscopic management of ureteral calculi has evolved into the standard of care for obstructive urolithiasis. However, a fundamental challenge persists: gaining atraumatic access through the lower ureteric orifice (LUO), particularly when using large-caliber ureteroscopes. Excessive ureteral resistance at the…
Introduction Radical prostatectomy remains a cornerstone of curative treatment for localized prostate cancer. Yet, it often exacts a physiological cost: the dual challenges of erectile dysfunction (ED) and urinary incontinence. Even with modern bilateral nerve-sparing techniques (nsRP), recovery of sexual…
Introduction: A Rare Intersection of Two Complex Diseases Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) occupies a small yet fascinating corner of respiratory medicine. Characterized by the proliferation of CD1a-positive Langerhans cells within the lung parenchyma, PLCH represents a unique smoking-related interstitial…
Rethinking the Clinical Challenge of Distal Ureteric Stones Urolithiasis, a pathology as ancient as humanity itself, continues to occupy an outsized share of modern urological practice. Accounting for 5–10% of the global population, urinary stones present a considerable clinical burden,…
Understanding Erectile Dysfunction Beyond the Physical Domain Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long been portrayed as a purely vascular or neurogenic condition, yet its true impact reaches far beyond the physiological domain. Modern urology recognizes ED as a complex biopsychosocial disorder…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that reaches far beyond the realm of sexual dissatisfaction—it is a vascular disorder, a psychological burden, and a marker of systemic disease. Over the past two decades, advances in pharmacology have provided millions of…
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remains one of the most complex and clinically significant mechanisms of renal damage, commonly arising after surgical procedures, trauma, and transplantation. While re-establishing blood flow is essential for survival of ischemic tissues, paradoxically, reperfusion can trigger a…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains one of the most challenging autoimmune disorders to treat effectively. Characterized by chronic inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and progressive joint destruction, RA affects approximately 1% of the global population, leading to profound disability and reduced quality of…
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED) are two of the most prevalent urological disorders affecting men beyond midlife. Traditionally viewed as separate entities, recent insights into shared pathophysiological pathways—particularly involving the nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO–cGMP) axis—have revealed…
For decades, clomiphene citrate (CC) has served as the cornerstone of ovulation induction in women with anovulatory infertility, particularly in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Its anti-estrogenic action on hypothalamic estrogen receptors stimulates gonadotropin release and follicular development. Yet this same…
When the COVID-19 pandemic erupted, its toll extended well beyond the respiratory system. A growing body of evidence has revealed the virus’s insidious effects on vascular, neurological, and endocrine health. Among the less publicly discussed, yet clinically significant sequelae, is…
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, traditionally associated with vascular regulation and erectile physiology, are increasingly recognized for their influence on cellular redox systems. Beyond the realm of vasodilation, molecules such as tadalafil may exert cytoprotective effects through modulation of oxidative…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy remains one of the most distressing postoperative complications for men, affecting both quality of life and psychological well-being. Despite major advances in robotic-assisted prostatectomy techniques, the preservation of erectile function is far from guaranteed….
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most distressing consequences following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP). Despite the evolution of nerve-sparing surgical techniques, a considerable proportion of patients experience persistent impairment in erectile function due to neurovascular bundle trauma,…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is far more than a vascular anomaly; it represents a systemic signal of endothelial compromise, psychological burden, and impaired quality of life. Although the therapeutic landscape of ED has been dominated by phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (PDE5Is)…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) continues to be one of the most prevalent male sexual disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 30–50% of men over the age of 40. The condition is multifactorial, involving vascular, neurogenic, hormonal, and psychogenic components. From a pathophysiological…
The Clinical Role of Tadalafil in Preserving Erectile Function Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most distressing complications following radical prostatectomy (RP), affecting both quality of life and postoperative satisfaction among patients treated for prostate cancer. Despite major…
Introduction: More Than a Little Blue Pill’s Rival When tadalafil first entered the clinical scene, it was quickly dubbed “the weekend pill.” Its long half-life gave men the option of spontaneity, while its therapeutic class as a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is not merely a matter of intimacy—it is a clinical syndrome with profound vascular, neurological, and psychological dimensions. In men with diabetes mellitus, ED is particularly prevalent, persistent, and difficult to manage. The pathophysiology involves accelerated…
Introduction Chemotherapy remains one of the most powerful weapons against malignancy, yet its therapeutic success is often undermined by collateral damage. Among the most distressing adverse effects is oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN), a condition that erodes patients’ quality of life…
Introduction In the management of erectile dysfunction (ED), efficacy and safety are essential, but patient experience often determines long-term adherence. What men say about their medications—side effects, expectations, disappointments—can reveal gaps that clinical trials miss. The study by Kim et…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with diabetes mellitus represents one of the most challenging conditions in sexual medicine. Its prevalence approaches 75% in men with long-standing diabetes, and its pathophysiology is deeply multifactorial. Vascular endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle impairment,…
Introduction The clinical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)–associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has traditionally revolved around α-adrenergic antagonists and 5α-reductase inhibitors. While these treatments remain cornerstones, they are burdened by well-known sexual side effects, often limiting adherence. The…
Introduction Clinical medicine often confronts the challenge of treating overlapping conditions where pathology in one organ system complicates therapy in another. Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with cirrhosis is a textbook example. Chronic liver disease is not merely a hepatic…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long been regarded as a disorder confined to intimacy and quality of life. Yet, over the past two decades, it has revealed itself as a sentinel marker of systemic vascular disease. Men who present with…
Introduction Few drugs in modern pharmacotherapy illustrate the concept of repurposing as elegantly as tadalafil. Originally developed and approved as a treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), this phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor has steadily expanded its therapeutic footprint into conditions…
Introduction In the world of urology, few topics highlight the delicate balance between efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction as clearly as the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). These symptoms—ranging from nocturia and urgency to weak urinary stream and…
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a relentless epidemic, spreading across continents and healthcare systems with alarming speed. Among its many complications, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) holds a particularly grim reputation. It remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide,…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains one of the most prevalent urological conditions affecting aging men. It is estimated that nearly 50% of men over the age of 60 and up to 80% of those over 80 experience lower urinary…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains one of the most prevalent urological disorders among aging men, with a prevalence exceeding 50% in men over the age of 60. The condition is not merely a benign enlargement of the prostate; it…
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has long been recognized as a systemic condition that reaches far beyond impaired renal function. Among its many burdens, sexual dysfunction—especially erectile dysfunction (ED)—remains one of the least discussed yet most devastating complications. In fact,…
Introduction Renal stone disease has transformed from a sporadic curiosity of ancient medicine into a modern public health challenge. The rising prevalence of urolithiasis worldwide is remarkable, with 5–10% of adults in Europe and North America experiencing urinary stones at…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is not merely a medical diagnosis; it is a silent thief of confidence, intimacy, and quality of life for millions of men worldwide. Prevalence rises inexorably with age, climbing from approximately 35% of men in their…
Introduction Ureteral stents are invaluable tools in urology. They ensure drainage of the upper urinary tract after obstruction, protect renal function, and facilitate postoperative recovery after procedures such as ureteroscopy or lithotripsy. Yet, they are often described by patients as…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a complex disorder characterized by the persistent inability to achieve or maintain satisfactory erections for sexual activity. It is far from rare; prevalence estimates range from 20% to 41% globally, with age acting as the…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not a trivial age-related annoyance; it is a complex condition driven by metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory processes that gradually reshape both the prostate and the bladder. For men over 50, the prevalence of BPH…
Introduction The survival of cutaneous flaps and grafts remains one of the most critical determinants of success in reconstructive dermatologic and plastic surgery. Despite advances in surgical technique, ischemia-induced flap necrosis continues to challenge even the most skilled surgeons. Among…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is not only a deeply personal condition but also a global public health issue with rising prevalence. Affecting men across all ages, it often reflects a combination of vascular, neurological, hormonal, and psychological factors. Its association…
Introduction The twenty-first century has reshaped expectations for pharmaceutical analysis. Gone are the days when an analytical chemist could rely on a bulky spectrophotometer and a slow chromatographic column to keep counterfeiters and dosage errors at bay. Today’s clinicians, regulators,…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most prevalent male sexual health conditions, with a significant proportion of cases rooted in vascular pathology. While phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) such as tadalafil have transformed the therapeutic landscape, their efficacy…
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most formidable challenges in oncology. Despite progress in surgery, local ablation, and systemic therapies, the disease continues to exact a high toll in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. The emergence of…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED), defined as the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse, is far from trivial. While not life-threatening, it significantly affects quality of life, intimate relationships, and psychological well-being. Epidemiological data…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most prevalent male sexual health disorders, characterized by the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity. Once relegated to the shadows of clinical practice, ED is…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most common and distressing male health concerns, affecting quality of life, psychological stability, and intimate relationships. Its prevalence rises with age, though it is by no means confined to older men. Cardiovascular…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED) often coexist, a fact that has shaped urological practice for decades. BPH leads to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as weak urinary stream, nocturia, and incomplete bladder emptying. ED, on…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long been one of the most prevalent conditions encountered in urological and sexual medicine clinics. Defined as the persistent inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance, ED affects millions…
Introduction Among the many molecules that orchestrate life’s intricate biological symphony, nitric oxide (NO) is a paradoxical player. It is the smallest known signaling molecule, gaseous in nature, with a fleeting half-life measured in seconds. And yet, its influence stretches…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is more than a clinical nuisance; it is a condition that reverberates through every facet of a man’s quality of life. From psychological confidence to interpersonal relationships, the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long been recognized not only as a condition impairing intimacy but also as a sentinel of broader vascular health. Affecting more than half of men between 40 and 70 years, ED carries implications for physical,…
Introduction Prostate cancer is among the most common malignancies in men, and radical prostatectomy remains a cornerstone of curative treatment. With advances in minimally invasive technology, nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (nsRARP) has become the preferred surgical technique in many centers….
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most frequent complaints in andrology clinics, and it is hardly a trivial one. Beyond intimacy, it signals endothelial distress, cardiometabolic burden, and psychosocial strain. In Western medicine, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i)…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is not simply a disorder of intimacy—it is a vascular and systemic signal often marching in step with hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Both ED and hypertension share a common denominator: endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular…
Introduction Radical prostatectomy (RP) remains a cornerstone of curative therapy for localized prostate cancer. While oncological outcomes are excellent—with survival rates approaching 100% for organ-confined disease—the functional cost is high. Erectile dysfunction (ED) after RP is one of the most…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the persistent inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. Far from being a trivial inconvenience, ED is a condition with broad implications for physical, psychological, and relational health….
Introduction Priapism, defined as a prolonged and often painful penile erection persisting for more than four hours without sexual stimulation, is a urological emergency. Although its incidence is less than 0.01%, the condition carries serious consequences. Failure to treat promptly…
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was initially framed as a respiratory crisis. Yet, as months passed, it revealed itself to be a multisystemic disorder, leaving behind a trail of chronic sequelae. Among the less publicly discussed…
Introduction Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are indispensable in modern medicine, yet they remain double-edged swords. While they alleviate pain, fever, and inflammation, they notoriously compromise gastric integrity, often culminating in gastric ulcers. Among these drugs, indomethacin is both effective and…
Introduction Nephrotic syndrome remains one of the most formidable challenges in nephrology. Characterized by severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, it is less a single disease than a final common pathway of glomerular injury. At its heart lies the podocyte,…
Introduction Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) represent one of the most prevalent urological conditions in aging men, often associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). While LUTS rarely threatens life directly, it profoundly impairs quality of life, disturbing sleep, limiting social…
Introduction Cognitive decline is one of the most feared consequences of aging, not only for patients but also for clinicians who face the limits of therapeutic options. Among the various contributors to dementia, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) stands out…
Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains one of the most formidable health challenges worldwide, responsible for increased morbidity, shortened lifespan, and a heightened burden of cardiovascular disease. While pharmacological innovation has yielded classes of drugs capable of lowering blood glucose,…
Introduction Disorders of the lower urinary tract (LUT) such as overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity are often discussed in the context of neural dysregulation, detrusor muscle dysfunction, or obstruction secondary to prostatic enlargement. Yet, beneath these familiar culprits lies a…
Introduction Few drugs in oncology embody both brilliance and betrayal as much as doxorubicin. This anthracycline antibiotic, celebrated for its wide-spectrum anticancer activity, has been a cornerstone of chemotherapy since the 1970s. Its power to intercalate into DNA and inhibit…
Introduction Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have long been a cornerstone in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Among these, tadalafil has gained prominence for its extended half-life, once-daily dosing, and therapeutic versatility. Yet, despite…
Introduction Adverse drug reactions represent one of the most intricate puzzles in modern medicine. While the majority of cutaneous drug reactions present as relatively benign rashes, there exists a distinct subset that is both diagnostically challenging and potentially life-threatening. Among…
Introduction Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains the most common form of focal epilepsy in adults, accounting for a significant proportion of drug-resistant cases. For decades, the clinical narrative has been dominated by seizures refractory to medical therapy, variable neuropsychological impairment,…
Introduction The management of arterial hypertension has long been recognized as a cornerstone of cardiovascular prevention. Elevated blood pressure damages vascular integrity, accelerates atherosclerosis, and predisposes patients to catastrophic events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. What remains…
Introduction The dietary supplement market, once synonymous with herbal teas and vitamin capsules, has expanded into a multi-billion-dollar industry that thrives on promises of vitality, enhanced performance, and well-being. Unfortunately, this growth has been accompanied by a troubling phenomenon—the illegal…
The clinical puzzle that sent us back to the placenta Obstetricians do not prescribe phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors to make headlines; they do it because uteroplacental perfusion can make or break a pregnancy. Fetoplacental hypoperfusion sits at the root of fetal…
Why a PDE-5 inhibitor belongs on the skin On first pass, putting tadalafil—a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor better known from urology clinics—onto an open wound sounds eccentric. On second pass, it is biochemistry 101. PDE-5 inhibition elevates cyclic GMP,…
Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Introduction to the Silent Vision Thief Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) silently and progressively steals vision, primarily affecting older adults and significantly impacting quality of life. AMD is currently recognized as the leading cause of irreversible…
Facing the Challenges of Distal Ureteral Stones Distal ureteral stones represent a frequent urological emergency, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. While smaller stones often pass spontaneously, stones sized between 5 and 10 mm present a substantial challenge due to…
A Deeper Look at Anti-MDA5 Dermatomyositis and Its Challenges Dermatomyositis (DM) represents a unique spectrum of autoimmune disorders primarily characterized by inflammation affecting muscles and skin. One subtype, identified by the presence of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (anti-MDA5) antibodies, particularly…
The Complexity of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a formidable clinical challenge characterized by progressive vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, severely impairing the patient’s quality of life. Therapeutic advancements, notably the combination of tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5…
The Challenging Landscape of Tadalafil Administration Tadalafil, widely known under the brand Cialis®, has garnered acclaim for its effective treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Lauded for its notably extended half-life—approximately 14-15…
Radical prostatectomy (RP) remains a fundamental treatment for localized prostate cancer, offering favorable oncological outcomes for countless patients each year. Despite advancements in surgical techniques such as nerve-sparing procedures and robotic assistance, postoperative complications remain prevalent, notably erectile dysfunction (ED)…
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative eye disease prevalent among the elderly, leading to irreversible vision loss in advanced stages. As populations age globally, AMD has emerged as a significant public health concern, demanding ongoing research into innovative treatments….
Wound healing is an intricate biological process essential for the maintenance and restoration of skin integrity. The skin is not merely a superficial barrier; it plays a critical role in temperature regulation, hydration balance, and defense against environmental threats such…
Introduction: Understanding Anti-MDA5 Dermatomyositis and Its Challenges Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscle inflammation, weakness, and distinctive skin manifestations. Among its subtypes, the form associated with antibodies against melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (anti-MDA5 DM) stands out due…
BackgroundFor low- and intermediate-risk pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), guidelines favor dual therapy with an endothelin-receptor antagonist (ERA) plus a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i). A once-daily fixed-dose macitentan 10 mg/tadalafil 40 mg tablet could cut pill burden and boost adherence. ObjectivesA DUE,…
Understanding Persistent Storage Symptoms in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common urological conditions affecting men aged 50 years and above. While often discussed with polite discomfort in public, this condition significantly impacts men’s…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects millions of men worldwide, particularly those aged over 50. Although benign, the symptoms associated with BPH significantly impact quality of life, notably through sexual dysfunction and bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), such as…
Understanding Prostate Brachytherapy and Its Common Side Effects Prostate brachytherapy (PB), particularly low-dose rate (LDR) treatment using iodine-125 seeds, has become a highly effective method for treating localized prostate cancer (PCa). This minimally invasive approach delivers precise radiation directly into…
In recent years, there has been increasing awareness of how comorbidities—conditions like hypertension and diabetes that exist alongside primary illnesses—significantly impact cancer outcomes, particularly among Black individuals. Despite advancements in healthcare, Black cancer patients in the United States continue to…
Ananias C. Diokno, Avaneesh Kunta, Ryan Bowen Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States of America University of Central Florida College of Medicine (UCF COM), Orlando, FL, United States of America Historical Perspectives: Testosterone and the Discovery of Leydig Cells Historically,…
The Significance of Combined Therapy in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and progressive disease characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which ultimately leads to heart failure if left untreated. Modern therapeutic…
The Keto Craze and Lipid Anomalies Ketogenic diets (KD), famed for their weight-loss potential and metabolic health benefits, have surged beyond mere obesity and diabetes management. Today, their applications span neurological disorders, inflammatory conditions, and even mental health treatments. Yet,…